FIP History of Pharmacy session New Orleans September 6, 2004
Abstracts of contributions
Oral presentations
Higby, Gregory: American History of Pharmacy, an Overview
Aceves, Patricia: Pharmacy in New Spain at the End of the Colonial
Period
Helmstädter, Axel:Clinical Chemistry as a Patient Oriented Service in
Pharmaceutical History
Buerki, Robert A.: The Effect of Prerequisite Legislation on American
Pharmaceutical Education and Legislation
Gravé, Jaques: Creation of a Maison de la Pharmacie in Paris
Fabregas, S.M.: Botica real: Cornerstone of the professional pharmacy
in Puerto Rico
Parojcic, Dusanka: Historical Roots of Pharmacy Ethics in 19th Century
Serbia:
Poster presentations
Parojcic, D.; Stupar, D.; Stupar, M.; Kostadinovic-Milosevic, K.:
Materia Medica of Municipal Pharmacy in Kotor (1326 - 1797)
Bauer Petrovska, B.; Kulevanova, S.K.: The health Activities of SS
Clement and Naum Ohridski
AMERICAN HISTORY OF PHARMACY,
AN OVERVIEW
Gregory J. Higby, Director, American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, University of
Wisconsin-Madison
The exceptional character of American
pharmacy arises out of its remarkable history. When settlers came to the shores of North
America there was little to attract trained or established medical personnel. As the
colonies grew prosperous during the early eighteenth century, they attracted ambitious
businessmen from England, including apothecaries. There were few laws that directly
involved Anglo-American pharmacy during the colonial period, and no effective laws
restricted the practice of American pharmacy until the 1870s. Anyone with luck, pluck, and
sufficient capital could open up an apothecary or druggist shop. By the end of the
nineteenth century, the American drugstore was an integral part of culture in the USA. In
the twentieth century, the growth of the pharmaceutical industry impacted the daily work
of the pharmacist and the quality of health care. Pharmacy adapted to the new challenges.
This paper describes the development of pharmacy in the United States. Emphasis is given
to trends in practice as influenced by economic and social changes. Special attention is
paid to pharmacy education. Paradigm shifts such as the clinical pharmacy movement and the
model of pharmaceutical care are addressed as well.
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PHARMACY IN NEW SPAIN AT THE
END OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD
Patricia Aceves P. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico, Campus Xochimilco
New Spain in the 18 th Century was part of
the international scientific communication network. Communication was established through
the flow of people, literature, instruments, theories, techniques, materials, and various
pieces of information, academic patterns, and social professional roles, among others.
However, during the last third of the Century this process of exchange was accelerated and
led to a growing specialization phase of scientific activity both in terms of academia and
profession. This allowed the latest scientific and technical advances to be known and
discussed while attempting to apply them in important social sectors. In the cage of
pharmacy, this specialization happened within the institutionalisation framework of health
sector driven by the Spanish Crown and local elites. The renewal of pharmacy was
influenced by Spanish scientific expeditions into New Spain and the establishment of
modern academic institutions such as the foundation in 1788 of the Royal Botanical Garden
in Mexico City and its professional chair, the opening of the pharmacy in the San Andres
Hospital in 1788, together with the beginning of the chemistry chair at the Royal Mining
Seminar in 1796. In this presentation we shall analyse the main features of this renewal.
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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AS A PATIENT
ORIENTED SERVICE IN PHARMACEUTICAL HISTORY
A. Helmstädter GOVI-Verlag Germany
Traditionally, pharmacists have been educated
in the analysis in drugs and poisons and usually could easily use a well equipped
laboratory. When in the middle of the 19th century medicine adopted scientific methods of
physiological chemistry, hospital pharmacists became involved in the analysis of body
fluids for diagnostic and forensic purposes. A historical analysis shows that most German
hospital pharmacies around 1900, offered these services on a regular basis. From some
hospitals, impressive numbers of analyses done in the pharmacy were reported and important
scientific as well as literature contributions were made by pharmacists. In several
hospitals pharmacists were formally obliged by written instructions to offer clinical
chemistry services for diagnostic and scientific purposes. Inventories from the early 20th
century Cologne hospital pharmacy show that the institutions library held many books the
analysis of body fluids. It can be concluded that German hospital pharmacists in the early
20th century offered a valuable patient oriented service supporting diagnostics. In
Germany (opposite to other European countries, eg. France), between World Wars I and II
this task was almost completely taken over my medical staff which meanwhile had
professionalised in this field. There are several reasons for this development including
the lack of a specific postgraduate education of pharmacists. Some aspects of Clinical
Pharmacy, e.g. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring might be regarded as a Renaissance of the
tradition.
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THE EFFECT OF PREREQUlSITE LEGISLATION ON AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION, 1905-1925 Robert A. Buerki The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy
At the turn of the century, American
pharmaceutical education was in chaos. Less than 10% of the nation's 75,000 practicing
pharmacists bad any formal education beyond apprenticeship. Neither the American
Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties (f. 1900) or the National Association of Boards of
Pharmacy (f. 1904) could solve the problem. In 1900, the New York State Pharmaceutical
Association pressed for legislation requiring applicants for licensure in New York to
graduate from a two-year college program approved by the Board of Regents of the
University of the State of New York (1905); Pennsylvania passed similar legislation the
following year. The New York committee established to set standards for this program
invited representatives from the Conference and the Association to work with them, leading
to the publication, the "Pharmaceutical Syllabus." By 1925,25 states had passed
similar "prerequisite legislation" with legislation pending in several other
states; reciprocity [licensure exchange] agreements were in force between 44 states and
the District of Columbia. By forcing the state boards of pharmacy and the schools and
colleges of pharmacy to work together to develop standards both groups could use to
advance their own agendas through three editions of the "Pharmaceutical
Syllabus," prerequisite legislation helped pave the war for the development of
pharmaceutical education in the United States during the second half of the 20th century.
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CREATION OF A 'MAISON DE LA
PHARMACIE' IN PARIS
J. Gravé Sauvegarde du Patrimoine Pharmaceutique France
It appears necessary to the national order of the french pharmacists under the impulse of its President, Jean Parrot, to initiate the creation of a pharmaceutical cultural space opened to the professionals of health, with general public and the medias, with a view to increase the recognition of the pharmaceutical profession by a whole of actions of reception, information, communication and lobbying. The objective of this structure will be to evoke pharmaceutical sciences in their future, their present and their history around a central axis: the drugs. A scenography will be established in the structure in order to recall the great moments of the history of the profession. Reconstitution of old dispensaries with elements of XVIIth at the XXth centuries. Presentation of objects. Demonstration of medicament preparations in front of the public. Interactive virtual presentation of French and foreign historic sites. A space bookshop-shop could find place in this unit in order to get all the documents and objects relating to the pharmaceutical profession. This structure should be operational about 2006.
'BOTICA REAL'-CORNERSTONE OF
THE PROFESSIONAL PHARMACY IN PUERTO RICO
S.M. Fábregas Troche School of Pharmacy, University of P.R Puerto Rico
The activities related to drug dispensing in
Puerto Rico through an official 'botica' (pharmacy) started 20 years after the arrival of
Christopher Columbus to the New World. It is believed that as in Cuba, the Convents could
have had a role in drug dispensing and preparation after 1530. In 1660, an initiative to
establish a pharmacy as an essential health service in the Island emerged and in 1766 was
implemented finally in the 'Real Hospital de Santiago' that became to be known as 'Botica
Real'. In 1782, it was relocated to the largest hospital in P.R at the time-'Nuevo
Hospital de la Concepción', affiliated to the Catholic Church and later given to the
Spanish Government. The pharmacy equipment of this 'Botica Real' was sophisticated in
comparison with the one brought by Hernado de Torres in 1512 from Spain. Official pharmacy
books were kept in the 'Botica' such as: 'Farmacopea Matritense', among others. In 1793,
the 'boticarios' use military uniforms. Until 1855 they were refers as- 'Boticarios
Mayores'. Since 1782 these 'Boticarios Mayores' along with the Surgeon and the Physician,
were considered part of the Faculty of the Hospital and were paid the same salary. Also,
the functions of the 'Boticario Mayor' were highly regulated as well as for his assistants
or 'practicantes de Farmacia'. In 1788 la 'Botica Real' had an inventory of 600 drugs.
More than 12 pharmacists served in the 'Botica Real' until 1898 when the U.S took charge
of the Island. This investigator refers to them as the Fathers of Pharmacy in Puerto Rico
since the main academic and legal structures emerged from the work of the 'Boticarios
Mayores' in la 'Botica Real'.
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HISTORICAL ROOTS OF PHARMACY
ETHICS IN 19TH CENTURY SERBIA
P.D. Parojcic Belgrade University School of Pharmacy Yugoslavia
In the course of the 19th century pharmacy
has developed mostly as apothecary profession in Serbia. With the emergence of the first
apothecaries in Belgrade (1830), Kragujevac (1836), Jagodina (1852) and Sabac (1856), it
was clear that a legislative framework for pharmacists should begin to take shape. The
first acts implying the fairness and good behavior in profession and life was an ethical
ground that was latter reinforced by swearing an oath when taking the position at the
apothecary in 19th century Serbia. In such cases special attention was paid to morality
and purity of the pharmacists life and work. The oldest preserved documents regulating the
moral obligations and morality of the apothecary business referred to the oath passed by
the pharmacy assistant at the first Serbian Court pharmacy in 1842. Unfortunately, the
original text of this oath is not preserved. The oldest preserved apothecary oath that
could be analyzed is dated 1853 and will be presented in this paper. It has its roots in
the apothecarys oath from Austrian Generale Normativum in Re Sanitatis that comprised the
ordinance for pharmacists called Agendi norma pro pharmacopoli including the specific oath
for the apothecary to be sworn at the occasion on taking the duty. It was focused on
religious and personal values, and based on traditional professional principles of
pharmacy practice, such as: dignity, confidentiality, faithfulness and integrity. The
paternalism was very strong in both legislative and ethical obligations of those days. The
apothecary oath was very similar in form and contest with the oath pertaining to medicine
that was obliged by the district and municipal physician.
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MATERIA MEDICA OF MUNICIPAL
PHARMACY IN KOTOR (1326 - 1797)
D. Parojcic, D. Stupar, M. Stupar, K. Kostadinovic-Milosevic, Belgrade University School
of Pharmacy, and Medicor Pharmacy - Kotor, Yugoslavia
First pharmacy at the territory of the
medieval Serbian state was Kotor municipal pharmacy that was opened as early as 1326. The
historical records of that pharmacy could be traced as far as 1797, when most of that
period the city was under the Venetian authorities. The research of the archive data
revealed that more then 40 apothecaries lived and worked at the municipal pharmacy and
with the authority of the City Council changing its location frequently. The vast majority
of medicines and herbs were supplied from abroad, mostly from Italy. The aim of this paper
is to investigate the level of materia medica employed in the medieval pharmacotherapy on
the basis of the documents found at the State Archive of Kotor. We analyzed several
different preserved apothecaries inventory lists (Inventario della speciaria). Those lists
of drugs and equipment that every apothecary should keep were composed by the municipal
physicians in order to prevent the epidemics of some common diseases. The one written by
the municipal physician Ludovico Bucacarino in 1556, listed 178 compose and simples.
Special kinds of inventory lists were made after the death of the owner or when another
pharmacist was appointed a city pharmacist that also represents sources for historical
research. Based of the content of such kind of drug lists dated 1628, 1632 and 1741 our
investigation showed that drugs of mineral, vegetable and animal origin were used, as well
as composed medicine with different remedies in forms of powders, troches, oleosacchara,
oxymels, condita, confections, ointments, infused oils, cerates, plasters, electuaries,
extracts, spirits and wines.
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THE HEALTH ACTIVITIES OF SS
CLEMENT AND NAUM OHRIDSKI
Biljana Bauer Petrovska and Kulevanova, S.K. Faculty of Pharmacy, Skopje, Macedonia
St.Clement and St.Naum of Ohrid are the most eminent students of the Saint Brothers Cyril and Methodius. The time in which they live and work, 9th century (middle century), is of crucial character for the Slav's people. First of all their role in teaching others how to read and write and continuation of the tradition for creation of slav's alphabet must be emphasized. But, parallelly with that, the need have grown for curing of, sick and exhausted, crippled and blind patients, with one only aim-how to help these people, releasing them from their believes in magics andidoltary. In that sense a great contribution have given also the churches and, monasteries, in which beside the usual liturgies that were performed also separate premises were used to cure people. The holy temples were the most powerful support to people, and in them Clement and Naum of Ohrid, devotedly have placed the foundations of the Medical-Pharmaceutical activity. They have great significance ! for the development of the medical knowledge as in Macedonia as well as in Europe. It can be concluded from their deeds- the significance of Clement in creating of the first medical school in sclope of the Clement's University, the first Slavic monastery - church of St. Pantelejmon and the first hospital in Europe in the 9th century. As well must be mentioned and the great sacrifice of Naum of Ohrid, in the psychiatrics treatment of the mental diseases and the foundation of the first mental hospital in the monastery of St. Naum of Ohrid.
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